BAB I
TENSES
1.1.SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Waktu sekarang kebiasaan)
Tenses Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung tiap hari yang merupakan kebiasaan ataupun kenyataan.
Positive Structure : Subject + Verb 1st. Form (s/es)
Examples: We study English Everyday.
I practice English every Sunday.
My father goes to work everyday.
My mother visits me every week.
The sun shines during the day.
The earth moves round the sun.
Negative structure: Subject + do not/does not + Verb 1 st. form
Examples: Mary doesn’t like to study English.
I don’t understand everything he says.
He doesn’t watch the movie every week.
We don’t need a fan in this room.
He doesn’t know French perfectly.
Interrogative structure: Do/does + Subject + Verb1 st.form
Examples: Do you enjoy your English lesson? Yes, I do.
Does this book belong to you?No, it doesn’t.
Do the drive to Makasar once a week?Yes, they do.
Does your father smoke alot?No, he doesn’t.
ORANG KETIGA TUNGGAL (He, She, it)
Dalam Simple Present Tense, untuk orang ketiga tunggal, kata kerjanya ditambah dengan s atau es dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut:
a. Bila kata kerja berakhir dengan y didahului oleh huruf mati (consonant) maka y diubah menjadi i lalu ditambah es
e.g. to study - studies to fly - flies
to carry - carries to try - tries
to deny - denies to marry - marries
b. Bila kata kerja berakhir dengan s, sh, ch, x, o ditambah dengan es
e.g. to kiss - kisses to box - boxes
to wish - wishes to do - does
to teach - teaches to go - goes
c. Yang tidak termasuk dalam ketentuan di atas hanya ditambah s
e.g. to play - plays to come - comes
to buy - buys to see - sees
Contoh dalam kalimat :
+ The bus carries a lot of passengers.
- The bus doesn’t carry a lot of passengers.
? Does the bus carry a lot of passengers? Yes, it does /No, it doesn’t.
+ Mrs. Sabar teaches English in our class.
- Mr Sabar doesn’t teach English in our class.
? Does Mr Sabar teach English in our class?Yes, he does.
Keterangan tertentu yang digunakan dalam Simple Present Tense:
In the morning/ afternoon/evening = pada waktu pagi / sore / malam
Everyday / week / month / year = tiap hari / minggu / bulan / tahun
Twice a day = dua kali sehari
Every morning / afternoon / evening = setiap pagi / sore /malam
Kata keterangan ( Adverb of frequency) yang sering digunakan dalam Simple Present Tense antara lain:
Sometimes = kadang-kadang
Always = selalu
Often = sering
Seldom = jarang
Never = tidak pernah
Ever = pernah
Usually = biasanya
Generally = umumnya
Occasionally = sekali-sekali
Kata-kata ini selalu terletak antara Subject dan Kata Kerja.
e.g. My sister often goes to the movie
We usually eat lunch at the restaurant.
He sometimes gets up very late.
My brother seldom stays inside.
I always take the same bus to school.
They never come to school early.
Women generally like shopping.
Helen occasionally drives to school.
Do you ever have meal in that restaurant?.
Simple Present Tense dengan kata-kata tanya:
- Where do you live?
I live at Jl. Cendana number 10 Makassar.
I live on Jl. Cendana.
- What time do you get up every morning?
I aways get up at 5 o’clock in the morning.
- How often does he go to the movie?
Not so often
Not so often
- How well does Mary speak English?
She speaks English fluently.
- How much does it cost?
It costs two thousands rupiahs.
- To whom does this book belong?
This book belongs to her.
1.2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian/perbuatan yang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Positive Structure : Subject + Verb 2nd form
Example: My uncle went to Bogor yesterday.
Last month my father left for Singapore.
I visited some friends last week.
We watched television last night.
His father passed away two years ago.
Negative Structure : Subject + did not + Verb 1st form
Example: John did not go to school yesterday.
My father didn’t teach you English two months ago.
Mr. Ali didn’t visit his son in the campuss last year.
I didn’t see him at the meeting last Sunday.
We didn’t receive any letter last January.
Interrogative structure : Did + Subject + Verb1 st form
Example: Did she tellyou about the trip last week? Yes, she did.
Did he phone you last night?No, he didn’t.
Did they come to work on time this morning? Yes, they did.
Did you enjoy the party last night?No, I didn’t.
Did you see Amira at the meeting last night? Yes, I did.
Keterangan waktu dari Simple Past Tense :
Yesterday : kemarin
Last week : minggu lalu
This morning : tadi pagi
Just now/ a moment ago : tadi / baru saja
Last night : tadi malam
Three days ago : tiga hari yang lalu
A few weeks ago : beberapa minggu yang lalu
Many years ago : bertahun-tahun yang lalu
Simple Past Tense juga digunakan bila suatu kejadian benar-benar telah terjadi di masa lampau meskipun suatu waktu tertentu tidak disebutkan.
e.g. I bought this fountain pen in London.
She studied music when she was in Paris.
They lived in New York for ten years.
During the holidays the students went for camping.
The train left ten minutes late.
Simple Past Tense digunakan dengan kata-kata tanya seperti :
What = apa
What did you buy this morning?
I bought a new shirt.
Where = dimana
Where did you send the package?
I sent it at my uncle home.
Why = mengapa
Why did your mother go to the market?
Because she wanted to buy some fruits.
When = kapan
When did he visit Amirah?
Last Sunday
How = bagaimana
How did your father leave for Singapore?
By plane.
How much did you buy this book?
Ten thousands rupiahs.
With whom did your sister go to the party last night?
With Ali.
Whom did you see at the party last night?
My teacher.
1.3. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE (waktu sekarang sedang)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian/perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat bicara.
Positive Structure : Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing form
Example: The children are watching television now.
My father is reading a news paper.
Amara is talking with her mother now.
My sister is cleaning the room.
I am writing a letter for a friend.
Negative Structure: Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb-ing form
Example: Ali isn’t doing anything now.
They aren’t playing tennis at this moment.
The students aren’t studying their lesson now.
The baby isn’t sleeping.
Mother isn’t cooking at his moment.
Interrogative Structure: Am/is/are + Subject + Verb-ing form
Example: Are thechildren playing in the park now? Yes, they are.
Is he studying his lesson at this moment?No, he isn’t.
Are you waiting for her now? Yes, I am.
Are they having lunch at this moment? Yes, they are.
Is your mother taking a rest now? No, she isn’t.
Present Continuous Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung dalam suatu periode tertentu di waktu sekarang.
e.g. I am now studying English at British Embassy.
For the time being, Mr. Smith is acting as manager of this company.
At present Mrs. Smith is teaching us English.
My father is working for western company at present.
Mr Ali is writing a series of articles on economics.
1.4. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (waktu sekarang selesai)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah dilakukan pada suatu waktu yang tidak tertentu di masa lampau (telah selesai).
Positive Structure: Subject + have/has + verb 3rd form
Example: I have read the novel.
Father has gone to work.
The students have finished their exercises.
We have told John what you said.
She has returned the book to the library.
Present Perfect Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah berulang kali dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Example: I have spoken to him abaout it several times.
We have seen that film three times.
He has studied English over and over.
My sister has visited Bali many times.
Negative Structure: Subject + have/has + not + verb 3rd form
Example: She hasn’t studied English.
Mrs Smith hasn’t taught English for many years.
We haven’t had dinner yet.
I haven’t seen that film.
They haven’t phoned me.
Interrogative Structure: Have/has + Subject + verb 3rd form
Example: Have you seen that film before? Yes, I have.
Have they told you about it?No, they haven’t.
Has your sister gone to school? Yes, she has.
Have you paid your school fee? No, I haven’t.
Has your teacher taught you grammar? Yes, he has.
Beberapa ungkapan yang sering digunakan dalam Present Perfect Tense antara lain: yet dan already, for dan since, just.
Yet dan already
- Yet menyatakan suatu waktu lebih lambat dari yang diharapkan.
- Yet selalu ditempatkan di belakang kalimat.
- Yet digunakan dalam kalimat negative maupun interrogative.(=belum).
e.g. The class always begins at 8 a.m.
It is 8.05 but the teacher hasn’t come yet.
Up to know John hasn’t found any job yet.
Have you bought the ticket for the game yet? No, not yet.
Has he posted the letter yet? No, not yet.
- Already menyatakan suatu waktu lebih cepat dari yang diharapkan.
- Already digunakan dalam kalimat positive dan interrogative.
- Already dapat diletakkan di tengah maupun di belakang kalimat.
e.g. The class always begins at 8 a.m.
It is only 7.55 but the lesson has already begun.
They have already cashed the cheque.
The plane has already left the airport.
Have the police caught the thief already?Yes, they have.
For dan Since
- For menunjukkan lamanya suatu kejadian berlangsung (=selama).
- Since menunjukkan saat suatu kejadian dimulai (=sejak).
e.g. They have lived in London for ten years.
John has been in hospital for almost a month.
My mother has been sick for three days.
I haven’t seen himsince last February.
Just
- Just digunakan untuk menandaskan bahwa suatu pekerjaan baru saja selesai.
e.g. John has just gone out.
I have just seen the examination result.
We have just returned froma trip.
I have just had lunch.
Mother has just gone to the market.
1.5. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (waktu akan datang)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
Positive Structure: Subject + shall/will + verb 1st form
Example: I shall / will go to Macassar tomorrow.
Next week we will visit to Bali.
They willmove to England next month.
John and I will visit to the village next August.
My father will buy a new house the day after tomorrow.
Shall hanya digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal maupun jamak: I dan We. Namun dalam bahasa Inggris modern, will lebih sering digunakan.
Negative Structure: Subject + shall/will + not + verb 1st form
Example: The plane will not arrive at 3 o’ clock.
We shall not tell John about it.
I will not eat in that restaurant again.
He willnot be back in an hour.
She will not cost a lot of money to rebuild this house.
Interrogative Structure: Shall / will + Subject + verb 1 st
Example : Will they spend two months in Bali? Yes, They will.
Will that store open until 6 o’clock? No, it won’t.
Will you stay here until tomorrow? Yes, I will.
Will they return in October? No, they won’t.
Will the meeting begin at8’o clock? Yes, it will.
Keterangan waktu dari Simple Future Tense:
- tonight : sebentar malam
- tomorrow : besok
- the day after tomorrow : lusa
- two more days : dua hari lagi
- later : nanti
- soon : segera
- next week/next year : minggu depan/ bulan depan
In a little while : sebentar lagi
Simple Future Tense dengan kata-kata tanya:
How long will you stay in Bali?
I will stay therefor two weeks.
Where willyou meet her?
I will meet her at the airport.
What time will the meeting begin?
It will begin at 7 p.m.
When will they return?
They will return next week.
How much it will cost to repair this watch?
It will cost five dollar.
TO BE GOING TO (= akan)
Masa akan datang juga dinyatakan dengan menggunakan to be going to yang menunjukkan rencana dan niat pribadi dari pembicara, cepat atau lambat perbuatan itu pasti dilakukan, berbeda dengan shall dan will yang
merupakan pernyataan umum untuk masa yang akan datang. Maka untuk menyatakan rencana atau niat pribadi di masa yang akan datang gunakanlah to be going to. Bandingkanlah dua kalimat di bawah ini:
- If Ali passes in examination, his father will buy hima motorcycle.
- Tom’s father isgoin to buy a motorcycle.
Kalimat pertama bergantung pada lulus tidaknya Ali, sedangkan kalimat kedua, ayah Ali mempunyai niat pribadi.
Positive structure : Subject + am/ is/ are + going to + verb 1st
e.g. We are going to visit them next weekend.
They are going to wake upearly tomorrow morning.
She is going to say home tonight and watch TV.
John is going to study to be a doctor.
I believe it is going to rain soon.
Negative Structure: Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + Ver 1st
e.g. I am not going to play tennis this afternoon.
John is not going to take Amira to dance tonight.
They are not going to wait for us after theshow.
We are not going to study our lesson tonight.
My sister is not going to swim tomorrow.
Interrogative structure: Am/is/are + S + going to + V 1st ?
e.g. Are you going to visit him later? Yes I am.
Are they going to spend their holidays in Bali? No, they aren’t.
Is he going to start his new job next week?Yes, he is.
Is she going to get married next June? No, she isn’t
Is it going to rain soon? Yes, it is.
1.6. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE (waktu lampau sedang)
Digunakan untk menyatakan suatu kejadian/perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau ketika suatu kejadian lain terjadi.
Misalnya: I was sleeping when you phoned me last night.
( Saya sedang tidur ketika kamu menelponku tadi malam)
Jelaslah, bahwa dalam kalimat itu ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi, maka untuk peristiwa yang terjadi kemudian harus dinyatakan dalam Simple Past Tense.
When, while, as digunakan sebagai kata penghubung dengan ketentuan: When diikuti oleh Simple Past Tense/Past Continous Tense, sedangkan While/as diikuti Past Continous Tense.
Positive Structure: S + was/were + Verb-ing form
Example: When we wre watching TV last night, the light went out.
Mary was playing piano when I arrived.
While I was having breakfast, the telephone rang.
As I was walking down the street, I saw an accident.
Last night while we were having dinner, my sister was doing her homework.
Bila hanya satu kejadian yang berlangsung, kita perlu menunjukkan suatu waktu yang tertentu.
e.g. At 8 o’clock last night I was writing a letter.
We were playing tennis at this time yesterday.
They were staying in the country at this time last week.
By this time yesterday father was working inthe garden.
Bay this time last year we were fliying to bali
Dalam past continuous tense sering digunakan bentuk- bentuk pertanyaan
Sebagai berikut :
Was she doing anything when you came to her house last night?
No, she wasn’t doing anything when I came.
Where were you going when I came to your house yesterday?
I was going downtown.
What was your sister doing when John arrived last night?
She was playing piano when John arrived.
What were you doing by this time yesterday?
By this time yesterday I was taking a nap (= tidur siang)
What was happenig when you got home last night?
When I got home last night, my mother was quarreling with John.
1.7.PAST PERFECT TENSE.(waktu lampau selesai)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian / perbuatan yang
telah selesai di masa lampau ketika suatu kejadian lain terjadi.
Misalnya kita mengatakan :
Yesterday I had finished my shopping when I met a friend
(=Kemarin saya telah selesai berbelanja ketika bertemu dengan seorang teman).
Sama halnya dengan Past Continuous Tense, peristiwa yang terjadi
kemudian dinyatakan dalam Simple Past Tense.
Structure: Subject + had + verb 3 rd. Form
e.g. When my friend phoned me last night, I had gone to the movie.
When I arrived home from school yesterday, they had eaten lunch.
We had finished our test when the ball rang.
The concert had begun when we got to the hall.
When the plane took off, I had fastened my seat-belt.
Dalam tense ini sering digunakan kata-kata: after, before, already, as soon as etc.
e.g. The children ran away after they had broken the window.
She had fallen before I helped her.
When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already left.
As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.
By the time we arrived all the guests had left.
Untuk pertanyaan, yang sering digunakan dalam tense ini seperti contoh berikut ini.
Had the party begun by the time they arrived? Yes, it had
Had the man died when the doctor arrived? No,he hadn’t
Had they served the food by 9 last night? Yes, they had
Had they eaten dinner when you got home last night? Yes, they had
Past Perfect Tense sering digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam bentuk Simple Past. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut :
e.g. Why did he go there?
- Because he had never been there before.
Why did she check the list?
- Because no one had checked it.
Why didn’t you go and see the film?
- Because I had seen it before
How did you know the way to the city?
- I had been there before
How did she know his name?
- She had met him before.
Why did she tell him about it?
- Because she hadn’t told him before.
1.8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (waktu selesai sedang)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa yang telah dilakukan pada waktu yang lampau dan perbuatan tersebut masih berlangsung sampai sekarang dan kemungkinan akan terus berlangsung di masa yang akan datang . Pada umumnya,penggunaan tenses ini hampir sama dengan Present Perfect Tense.
Structure: Subject + have/has + been + Verb-ING form
Example: I have been living here for seven years.
She has been waiting for John since early in the morning.
Mary hasbeen studying French for two years.
Have you been waiting very long? Yes, I have.
How long .......? = Berapa lama
How long digunakn dalam Present Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous Tense untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama suatu kejadian berlangsung.
e.g. How long have you been staying here?
I have been staying in Makassar for seven months.
How long has he studied music?
He has studied music since 2005 up to now.
How long has your father been sailing?
My father has been sailing for more than ten years.
How long have you been sick?
I have been sick for two weeks.
How long have you been discussing the matter?
They have been discussing the matter all day long.
1.9. PAST FUTURE TENSE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan /kejadian yang akan dilakukan di waktu lampau.
He would come here yesterday, but unfortunately he feel sick.
Structure : Subject + should/would + Verb 1st form
Example: They said that they would discuss that matter.
I should go there last night, but the rain was very hard.
Mary said that she would go to Bandung next day.
UNIT II
P A S S I V E V O I C E
Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) sangat populer penggunaannya, baik dalam percakapan sehari-hari maupun dalam buku-buku bacaan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kalimat ini dikenal dengan kata kerja berawalan di- (ditulis, diberi, dimarahi dll). Dalam kalimat aktif, kita mengatakan demikian:
The teacher warned John for being late.
(Guru memperingatkan John karena terlambat)
Tetapi,kalau kita ingin menyatakan kalimat ini dalam bentuk pasif, kita akan mengatakan :
aaaahhh....
BalasHapusmr.Sabar punya ini materi..